With rising inflation and a looming recession, the medical debt crisis in the United States is about to worsen. Americans owe more than $140 billion on past-due medical bills, which is the country’s No. 1 cause of bankruptcy.
Seven states — California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, New Mexico, Virginia and Washington — have passed medical-debt legislation in the last year designed to increase the effectiveness of hospital financial assistance programs. The Affordable Care Act mandates that nonprofit hospitals offer and publicize financial assistance programs — which have great potential to prevent medical debt for low-income patients who struggle with healthcare affordability — but they are currently severely underused.
Every year, millions of patients who would have qualified for financial assistance under their hospital’s financial assistance policy end up with medical debt they cannot pay. For many reasons — such as complicated applications with burdensome requirements or simple lack of awareness that the program even exists — the very patients these programs are designed for often fall through the cracks.
As more states prepare legislation to make healthcare services more affordable by requiring more generous and patient-friendly hospital financial assistance policies, here are key features that make laws effective at addressing medical debt.
Clear Income Standards for Eligibility
While the Affordable Care Act requires the existence of hospital financial assistance programs, it does not specify who should be eligible. The American Hospital Association recommends that hospitals offer free care to patients below 200 percent of the federal poverty guidelines. Many hospitals offer discounts up to 400 percent of the guidelines. Washington state codifies a sliding scale with free care up to 200 percent to 400 percent of the poverty guidelines.
To offer context for what 300 percent of federal poverty guidelines looks like — an elderly couple with an annual income up to $54,930 or a young family of four with an income up to $83,250. People on this income spectrum, especially those with significant health insurance deductibles, need help maintaining affordable access to healthcare. Requiring hospitals and health systems to offer free care to patients with slightly higher incomes is a great way to do it.
Include Under-Insured Patients in Financial Assistance
One of the biggest shortcomings in state and federal legislation addressing medical debt is not including under-insured patients. Virginia’s and Illinois’ legislation falls short. The term “under-insured” is used to describe patients who have insurance but still cannot afford to pay their portion of the healthcare bill.
In America, the average single deductible is $1,945 and the average family deductible is $3,722. High-deductible health plans have become increasingly popular in the past decade and can include deductibles up to $10,000 or more. Patients lower on the income spectrum cannot afford these amounts, even after their health insurance pays their part of the bill. Hospital financial assistance policies should offer the same discount percentages to under-insured patients that they do for uninsured patients.
Limit the Assets Considered for Eligibility
Regardless of income, it’s not unreasonable to decline financial assistance to a patient with $1 million in the bank. However, it is important to limit the types of assets that can be considered in a financial assistance determination.
The best practice is to focus on liquid assets available to the patient for payment — cash, checking and savings account balances. Including non-primary-residence real estate (vacation homes/income property) in the calculation is also reasonable.
The most effective legislation addressing assets to be included in financial assistance policies protects home equity in a primary residence, retirement-account balances, life insurance cash value, and value of the personal property from being considered in a patient’s financial assistance determination. We have seen patients approaching retirement age with woefully underfunded 401(k) accounts being asked by their health system to borrow against their $50,000 401(k) to pay a hospital bill. That should not happen.
Streamline the Application Process
A common challenge among hospital financial assistance programs is an overly burdensome, complicated patient application process. Patients can be met with an application form that is three to four pages that includes a separate page of instructions on how to fill it out. That’s in addition to a laundry list of documents that could be needed to show proof of the household’s income.
Maryland is the first state to require that hospitals use a uniform financial assistance application. This approach would be effective if the application was simple to fill out. Unfortunately, Maryland’s application form is not particularly patient-friendly.
It includes monthly expenses like rent/mortgage payment, utilities, car insurance, health insurance, year/makes of vehicles owned, etc. — items that do not actually factor into the hospital financial assistance determination decision trees. It’s important to pare down the application process for patients and only ask for information relevant to the financial assistance determination, such as income and certain types of assets.
Promote Awareness of Hospital Financial Assistance
Most patients simply do not know the availability of financial assistance at their hospitals. If they hear about “financial assistance” or “charity care,” they typically think they must be unemployed or unhoused to qualify.
Some new laws require that hospitals refrain from attempting to collect a bill before determining if a patient is eligible for financial assistance or the state’s Medicaid program. This is a step in the right direction, but the primary focus on awareness needs to be on making financial assistance programs easier for patients to access and navigate independently.
Under the Affordable Care Act, hospitals have to include a “Plain Language Summary,” which is intended to be shorter and easier for patients to read and understand. New standards must be set for what constitutes “plain language,” as most hospital financial assistance programs Plain Language Summaries require patients to do their own calculation of what their household income is as a percentage of the Federal Poverty Guidelines and often do not specify all of the hospital’s eligibility criteria in their policy, such as asset tests, service area, etc.
If free or discounted care seems at odds with our private healthcare system in the United States, consider that nonprofit hospitals receive tax-exempt status because of their important role in the community. Treating anyone, regardless of their ability to pay, is part of nearly every hospital’s mission. With medical debt mounting, there is clearly a gap here that needs to be closed.
